Badge engineering
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- For a list of vehicles that have been badge engineered, see: List of badge engineered vehicles.
Badge engineering is a term that describes the rebadging of one product (especially cars) as another. Due to the high cost of designing and engineering a totally new model, or establishing a new brand (which may take many years to gain acceptance), it is often more cost-effective to rebadge a single product multiple times.
The term derives from the trademark emblems (once made of pot metal) fastened inside or onto the outside of the car. While differences were originally confined to the badges used on the model, more typically it involves slight styling differences, usually limited to the headlights, tail lights, and front and rear fascias. More extreme examples involve differing engines and drivetrains.
Badge engineering is common, but it should not be confused with platform sharing within a company. Platform sharing is different from rebadging, as an automobile platform may be used in many different ways and applications, such as using a single platform to produce and sell a sedan and an SUV. Two such products are legitimately different automobiles, whereas badge engineering involves the sale of essentially a single vehicle.
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Different types
Badge engineering often occurs when an individual manufacturer, such as General Motors, owns a portfolio of different brands, and markets the same car under a different brand. It may be done to expand the ranges of different brands in one market without developing completely new models, such as selling one car as a Chevrolet, a Pontiac, and a Saturn by GM in the United States. It may also be done to sell the same model in different regions and markets simply under a different name. For example, cars built by Daewoo, now owned by GM, are now only badged as Daewoos in South Korea and Vietnam. In other markets, they are now badged as Chevrolets. Similarly, in Australia and New Zealand, where Daewoo was unsuccessful, they are now rebadged as Holden models. The Australian car manufacturing industry experienced major badge reengineering during the 1990s as part of the failed Button car plan.
Another way badge engineering may occur is when two separate companies trading off products that each brand lacks in its lineup. A prime example of this would be the first-generation Honda Odyssey being rebadged as an Isuzu Oasis because Isuzu needed a minivan, while the Isuzu Rodeo was rebadged as the Honda Passport because Honda had the need for an SUV.
Two different automakers can also pool resources by operating a joint venture to create a product, then selling it each as their own. For instance, General Motors and Toyota formed NUMMI. The vehicles produced from this venture (though not necessarily at NUMMI itself) included the Toyota Corolla/Chevrolet Prizm, and later the Toyota Matrix/Pontiac Vibe.
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Language problems or marketing decisions may lead to a car being given a different model name in a certain country, although this may not constitute badge engineering as the car is still sold under the same brand name. For example, the Mitsubishi Pajero is called the Shogun in the UK and the Montero in Spanish-speaking countries and North America, because pajero means wanker in Spanish. The Buick LaCrosse was sold as the Buick Allure in Canada, as la crosse means masturbation or swindling in Québecois slang. The Volkswagen Santana, was sold as Quantum in the US, and as Corsar in Mexico, because its name brought to mind the infamous general Antonio López de Santa Anna.
Luxury Vehicles
Badge engineering also occurs between luxury brands and their parent companies. A parent manufacturer may take a model from a mainstream brand, upgrade it with more features, technology, luxury and/or style, then sell it as a more expensive model under a premium marque.
An example of this is the Ford Motor Company taking its more mainstream Ford Expedition, and selling it as the Lincoln Navigator, as well as General Motors with its rebadged version of the Chevrolet Suburban, Tahoe as the Cadillac Escalade.
Japanese carmakers have followed this practice as well, such as Honda's Acura line, Nissan's Infiniti brand, and Toyota's Lexus marque, as the entry-level luxury models were based on their mainstream lineup. For example, the Lexus ES is essentially an upgraded Toyota Camry, while the Acura TL and Acura TSX are derived from the USDM and JDM Honda Accords. The luxury models, however, are more likely to have more than just cosmetic differences; they often receive improved engines and drivetrains.
Problems
Although intended to save costs, excessive badge engineering can be problematic for car companies, and even detrimental. Having a single car sold under multiple identities may hamper overall sales, and can make marketing become difficult. It may also be a problem for a manufacturer to distinguish the differences between two models without damaging the reputation of either. The Rootes Group, BMC/British Leyland, General Motors, Plymouth and Eagle are good examples.
The Chrysler Crossfire, which was essentially a Mercedes-Benz SLK, was also problematic, as the sharing of technology with the less prestigious Chrysler marque hurt the "exclusivity" reputation of Mercedes.
The Lincoln Navigator, derived from the Ford Expedition, proved successful. However, the Ford Explorer-based Lincoln Aviator failed, even though the Aviator was a similar luxury conversion like that of the Navigator. The Aviator suffered from frequent comparisons to the extremely popular Explorer, as well as being priced with the moderately widespread Expedition. By contrast, the Navigator's only equivalently priced model was the rare Ford Excursion.
Models produced under licence
A variant on rebadging is licensing models to be produced by other companies, typically in another country. One example of this is the British Hillman Hunter, which was license-built in Iran as the iconic Paykan.
See also
References
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